body {
    overflow: auto;
    max-height: 100vh;
    padding-top: 120px;
}

.nav-title {
    background: black;
    width: 100%;
    border: none;
    position: fixed;
    top: 0;
    left: 0;
    height: 130px;
  }

#header-text{
    position: fixed;
    height: 0px;
    max-height: 80px;
    left: 50%;
    width: 450px;
    margin-left: -235px;
    padding-top: 15px;
    padding-bottom: 5px;
    text-align: center;
    display: block;
    font-size: 18px;
   }

   .navbar-default {
    position: fixed;
    top: 0;
  }
  
  .navbar-nav {
    position: relative;
    left: 50%;
    width: 700px;
    margin-top: 55px;
    margin-left: -285px;
    /* top: 0px; */
    box-sizing: border-box;
    display: block;
    padding-top: 20px;
    font-size: 16px;
  }
  
  .navbar-default .navbar-nav > li > a {
    color: #999999;
    text-transform: uppercase;
  }
  
  .navbar-default .navbar-nav > .active > a, .navbar-default .navbar-nav > .active > a:hover, .navbar-default .navbar-nav >
  .active > a:focus {
    background: transparent;
    color: red;
  }
  
  .navbar-default .navbar-nav > li > a:hover, .navbar-default .navbar-nav > li > a:focus {
    color: red;
  }
  
  .navbar-default .navbar-nav>.open>a, .navbar-default .navbar-nav>.open>a:focus, .navbar-default .navbar-nav>.open>a:hover {
    background-color: #fff;
    color: #fc6e51;
  }

  #top-title {
    color: #262626;
    z-index: 1000;
  }
  
  #top-title:hover, #top-title:focus  {
    color: red;
    z-index: 100000;
  }

  #about-section-bg {
    /* position: fixed; */
    background-color: black;
    min-height: calc(100vh - 120px);
  }

  a {
    color: #777777;
    -webkit-transition: all .25s ease-in-out;
       -moz-transition: all .25s ease-in-out;
        -ms-transition: all .25s ease-in-out;
         -o-transition: all .25s ease-in-out;
            transition: all .25s ease-in-out;
  }
  
  a:hover, a:focus {
    text-decoration: none;
    color: #fc6e51;
  }
  
  img {
    max-width: 100%;
  }

  #about-section {
    /* position: relative; */
    /* background-size: cover; */
    width: 100%;
    height: 100%;
    /* display: flex; */
    align-items: flex-start;
    justify-content: center;
    /* gap: 10%;
    top: 0px;
    top: -10px; */
  }

  /* .landing-hero:before {
    position: absolute;
    content: '';
    top: 0;
    left: 0;
    background: white;
    width: 100%;
    height: 100%;
    z-index: 1;
  }
  
  .landing-hero {
    background: white;
    background-size: cover;
  } */
  
  .landing-herov2 {
    background: white;
    background-size: cover;
  }

  .about-image {
    /*padding: 0 20% 0 20%;*/
    /*margin-bottom: 10%;*/
    flex: 1;
    max-width: 340px;
    height: 100%;
    width: auto;
    padding: 10px;
    margin: 20px;
    top: 0px;
  }

  .about-text {
    color: #777777;
    height: auto;
    text-align: left;
    padding: 10px;
    margin: 20px;
    font-size: 18px;
    width: 70%;
  }

  .contact > p {
    padding-left: 10px;
    margin-left: 20px;
    font-size: 18px;
  }

  .soc {
    position: relative;
    top: 0;
    padding-left: 10px;
    margin-left: 20px;
    font-size: 18px;
  }
  
  .soc > li {
    display: inline;
    padding: 0px 15px 0px 0px;
    vertical-align: middle;
    fill-opacity: 0.5;
  }
  
  .soc > li:hover a svg path {
    fill-opacity: 1;
    fill: red;
  }
  
.about-container {
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    margin-top: 20px;
}

.section-header{
    width: 100%;
    top: 0px;
    margin: 0px;
    padding: 0px;
    overflow: auto;
    max-height: 100vh;
}

.section-header > h2 {
    background-color: #4F4F4F;
    width: 60%;
    margin: 20px;
    padding: 10px;
    color: white;
    border-radius: 8px;
}

.news-container {
    left: 0px;
    width: 60%;
    /* max-width: 800px; */
    margin: 20px;
    background: white;
    border-radius: 2px;
    box-shadow: 0 2px 8px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);
    overflow: hidden;
    font-size: 18px;
}

.news-container > h1 {
    padding: 24px 32px;
    background: #2c3e50;
    color: white;
    font-size: 24px;
    font-weight: 600;
}

.news-list {
    max-height: 500px;
    overflow-y: auto;
    padding: 10px;
}

.news-item {
    padding: 20px;
    margin-bottom: 12px;
    background: #f8f9fa;
    border-radius: 8px;
    border-left: 4px solid #3498db;
    transition: all 0.2s ease;
}

.news-item:hover {
    background: #e9ecef;
    transform: translateX(4px);
    box-shadow: 0 2px 8px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);
}

.news-item:last-child {
    margin-bottom: 0;
}

.news-header {
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: 12px;
    margin-bottom: 8px;
    flex-wrap: wrap;
}

.date {
    color: #7f8c8d;
    font-size: 14px;
    font-weight: 500;
}

.type {
    display: inline-block;
    padding: 4px 12px;
    border-radius: 12px;
    font-size: 14px;
    font-weight: 500;
}

.type.publication {
    background: #e3f2fd;
    color: #1976d2;
}

.type.poster {
    background: #F4EBDC;
    color: #5C4033;
}

.type.conference {
    background: #f3e5f5;
    color: #7b1fa2;
}

.type.award {
    background: #fff3e0;
    color: #f57c00;
}

.type.grant {
    background: #e8f5e9;
    color: #388e3c;
}

.type.presentation {
    background: #fce4ec;
    color: #c2185b;
}

.news-title {
    font-size: 16px;
    font-weight: 600;
    color: #2c3e50;
    margin-bottom: 6px;
}

.news-details {
    font-size: 14px;
    color: #555;
    line-height: 1.5;
}

.news-item.misc {
    border-left-color: #4F4F4F;
}

.news-item.poster {
    border-left-color: #5C4033;
}

.news-item.publication {
    border-left-color: #1976d2;
}

.news-item.conference {
    border-left-color: #7b1fa2;
}

.news-item.award {
    border-left-color: #f57c00;
}

.news-item.grant {
    border-left-color: #388e3c;
}

.news-item.presentation {
    border-left-color: #c2185b;
}

/* Scrollbar styling */
.news-list::-webkit-scrollbar {
    width: 8px;
}

.news-list::-webkit-scrollbar-track {
    background: #f1f1f1;
}

.news-list::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb {
    background: #bdc3c7;
    border-radius: 4px;
}

.news-list::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb:hover {
    background: #95a5a6;
}

.publications-text {
    color: #777777;
    height: auto;
    text-align: left;
    padding-left: 10px;
    margin-left: 20px;
    padding-right: 10px;
    margin-right: 20px;
    font-size: 18px;
    width: 70%;
}

.publications-text > p {
    width: 80%;
}

/***********************************************************************************************/
/* =Research section */
/***********************************************************************************************/
#research-section {
  position: relative;
  top: 0%;
  height: 100vh;
  background-size: cover;
}

.ul-research {
  position: relative;
  top: 40px;
}

.li-research {
  position: relative;
  z-index: 15;
  list-style-type: none;
  padding-top: 20px;
}

#research-section > li > h2 {
  position: relative;
  color: black;
  padding-left: 7.5px;
  left: 7.5px;
  z-index: 12;
}

.research-grid {
  position: relative;
  z-index: 10;
  width: 80%;
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  margin-left: auto;
  margin-right: auto;
  text-align: center;
  gap: 40px;
}

.research-img-nyu {
  width: 80%;
  height: auto;
  text-align: center;
  margin: auto;
}

.research-img-furman {
  width: 80%;
  height: auto;
  text-align: center;
  margin: auto;
}

#furman-pic {
  width: 80%;
  border: 1px solid gray;
}

.research-img  {
  width: 100%;
  height: auto;
}

.research-block-1 {
  width: 80%;
  text-align: center;
  margin: auto;
}

.research-grid-2 {
  position: relative;
  z-index: 10;
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  text-align: center;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  gap: 40px;
  width: 100%;
  margin: auto;
}

.research-grid-2 > *{
  flex: 1 1 300px;
  border: 1px solid gray;
}

.scribd_iframe_embed {
  position: relative;
  width: 80%;
  margin: auto;
  text-align: center;
}

.scribd-text {
  position: relative;
  left: 0px;
  margin-left: 0px;
  padding-left: 0px;
  color: gray
}

.scribd-text:hover {
  color: red
}

.tia-poster {
  border: 1px solid gray;
  width: 100%;
}

.research-img > a {
  color: gray;
}

.research-img > a:hover{
  color: red;
}

/***********************************************************************************************/
/* =Floodplain article */
/***********************************************************************************************/
#floodplain-section {
  position: relative;
  top: 0%;
  height: 100vh;
  background-size: cover;
}

.floodplain-title-div {
  position: relative;
  left: 0px;
  margin-left: 10px;
}
.floodplain-title {
  position: relative;
  top: 50px;
}

.floodplain-img-div {
  position: relative;
  width: 80%;
  text-align: center;
  margin: auto;
  top: 50px;
}

.floodplain-img-div2 {
  position: relative;
  width: 100%;
  text-align: center;
  margin: auto;
  top: 70px;
  left: 0;
  background-color: black;
}

.floodplain-img {
  width: 100%;
  height: auto;
}

.main-text {
  position: relative;
  top: 90px;
  margin: auto;
  width: 80%;
}

.floodplain-li {
  padding-top: 10px;
}

.article-link {
  text-decoration: underline;
  color: black;
}

.article-link:hover {
  color: red;
}

/***********************************************************************************************/
/* =Zoning article */
/***********************************************************************************************/
#zoning-section {
  position: relative;
  top: 0%;
  height: 100vh;
  background-size: cover;
}

.zoning-img-div {
  position: relative;
  width: 100%;
  text-align: center;
  margin: auto;
  top: 10px;
  background-color: white;
}

.zoning-img {
  width: 100%;
  height: auto;
  background-color: white;
}

#img01-zoning {
  background-color: white;
}

.zoning-link > p > a {
  color: gray;
}

.zoning-link > p > a:hover{
  color: red;
}

/***********************************************************************************************/
/* =NYU article */
/***********************************************************************************************/
#nyu-section {
  position: relative;
  top: 0%;
  height: 100vh;
  background-size: cover;
}

.nyu-int-map-outer {
  border: 1px solid gray;
  width: 80%;
  position: relative;
  top: 0px;
  left: 0px;
  height: 80px;
  min-width: 390px;
  text-align: center;
  margin: auto;
}

.nyu-int-map-inner {
  position: relative;
  left: 10px;
  top: 10px;
  padding-right: 10px;
  text-align: left;
}

.nyu-int-map-inner > h2, .nyu-int-map-inner > a {
  position: relative;
  font-size: 15px;
  padding: 0;
  text-transform: none;
}

.nyu-int-sub {
  color: gray;
}

.nyu-int-sub:hover {
  color: red;
}

#nyu-mn {
  position: relative;
  width: 80%;
  margin: auto;
  text-align: center;
}

.nyu-art-img-div > figcaption {
  text-align: center;
}

#timeline {
  margin-top: -50px;
}

#prop-summ {
  display: inline-block;
  width: 60%;
  text-align: left;
  float: left;
  margin-right: 50px;
}

#prop-summ > img {
  max-height: 700px;
}

#ranking {
  position: relative;
  top: 80px;
}

#cd-panels {
  position: relative;
  top: 80px;
  background-color: black;
}

#nyu-old {
  width: 65%;
  margin: auto;
  text-align: center;
}

#nyu-old2 {
  position: relative;
  width: 40%;
  max-height: 480;
  text-align: left;
  float: left;
  margin-right: 50px;
}

#prop-ownership {
  position: relative;
  top: 100px;
}

.area1 {
  position: relative;
  top: 80px;
}

#sales {
  width: 70%;
  float: left;
  margin-right: 50px;
  top: -10px;
}

#taxes {
  width: 70%;
  text-align: center;
  margin: auto;
}

/***********************************************************************************************/
/* =Maps section */
/***********************************************************************************************/

#maps-section {
  position: relative;
  top: 0%;
  height: 100vh;
  background-size: cover;
}

.li-maps {
  position: relative;
  z-index: 10;
  list-style-type: none;
  padding-top: 20px;
  /*max-width: 1000px;*/
  width: 80%;
  height: auto;
  /*margin-left: -500px;
  left: 50%;*/
  text-align: center;
}

#nyu-int-map {
  width: 80%;
  height: 100%;
  text-align: center;
  margin: auto;
}

.flood-maps {
  width: 80%;
  height: 100%;
  text-align: center;
  margin: auto;
}

.pvd-maps {
  width: 100%;
  height: 100%;
  text-align: center;
  margin: auto;
}

.li-maps-2 {
  position: relative;
  top: 30px;
  z-index: 10;
  list-style-type: none;
  padding-top: 20px;
  width: 700px !important;
  height: auto;
  margin-left: -350px;
  left: 50%;
}

#map-3, .maps > figcaption {
  position: relative;
  width: 500px;
  left: 50%;
  margin-left: -250px;
}

#map-5 {
  padding-top: 20px;
}

#prison-header {
  position: relative;
  top: 20px;
}

#prisons, #map-6 {
  position: relative;
  top: -10px;
}

.pvd-maps, .flood-maps {
  position: relative;
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  gap: 20px;
  flex-direction: row;
  /*width: 1000px;*/
}

.pvd-maps >* {
  flex: 1 1 40%;
}

.flood-maps >* {
  flex: 1 1 30%;
}

#int-map-link {
  color: black;
}

#int-map-link:hover {
  color: red;
}

/***********************************************************************************************/
/* =Design section */
/***********************************************************************************************/
#design-section {
  position: relative;
  top: 60px;
  background-size: cover;
  height: 100vh;
}

.li-design > h2 {
  position: relative;
  left: 50%;
  max-width: 1000px;
  margin-left: -500px;
}

.ul-design {
  position: relative;
  top: 0px;
}

.li-design {
  position: relative;
  z-index: 10;
  list-style-type: none;
  padding-top: 0px;
  width: 700px !important;
  height: auto;
  margin-left: -350px;
  left: 50%;
}

.li-design-2 {
  position: relative;
  top: 30px;
  z-index: 10;
  list-style-type: none;
  padding-top: 20px;
  width: 1000px !important;
  height: auto;
  margin-left: -500px;
  left: 50%;
}

.journey-mapping-container {
  position: relative;
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  padding-bottom: 20px;
  gap: 20px;
  flex-direction: row;
  width: 100%;
}

.journey-mapping-container > * {
  flex: 1 1 100px;
}

.art-container {
  width: 80%;
  height: 100%;
  text-align: center;
  margin: auto;
}

.illustrator-art-container {
  position: relative;
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  padding-bottom: 20px;
  gap: 20px;
  flex-direction: row;
}

.illustrator-art-container > * {
  flex: 1 1 30%;
}

.img-text {
  position:relative;
  left:0px;
  visibility:hidden;
}

.illustrator-art:hover .img-text {
  visibility: visible;
}

.makaranta-container {
  position: relative;
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  padding-bottom: 20px;
  gap: 20px;
  flex-direction: row;
}

.makaranta-container > * {
  padding-top: 40px;
  flex: 1 1 20%;
}

/***********************************************************************************************/
/* =Video section */
/***********************************************************************************************/
#video-section {
  position: relative;
  top: 50px;
  background-size: cover;
}

.video > p {
  color: white;
}

.video > p > a {
  color: black;
}

.vimeo-link:hover {
  color: red;
}


.video-container {
  position: relative;
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  padding-bottom: 5px;
  padding-top: 20px;
  gap: 5%;
  flex-direction: row;
  text-align: center;
  /*width: 1000px;*/
  width: 80%;
  margin: auto;
}

.video-container > * {
  z-index: 100;
  flex: 1 1 40%;
}

/***********************************************************************************************/
/* =IMAGE ANIMATION */
/***********************************************************************************************/
/* The Modal (background) */
.modal {
    display: none; /* Hidden by default */
    position: fixed; /* Stay in place */
    z-index: 10000; /* Sit on top */
    padding-top: 50px; /* Location of the box */
    padding-bottom: 50px;
    left: 0;
    top: 0;
    width: 100%; /* Full width */
    height: 100%; /* Full height */
    overflow: auto; /* Enable scroll if needed */
    background-color: rgb(0,0,0); /* Fallback color */
    background-color: rgba(0,0,0,0.9); /* Black w/ opacity */
}

/* Modal Content (image) */
.modal-content {
  margin: auto;
  display: block;
  width: auto;
  max-height: 100%;
  overflow: auto;
  vertical-align: middle;
  position: relative;
  top: 50%;
  -webkit-transform: translateY(-50%);
  -ms-transform: translateY(-50%);
  transform: translateY(-50%);
}

/* Add Animation */
.modal-content {
    -webkit-animation-name: zoom;
    -webkit-animation-duration: 0.6s;
    animation-name: zoom;
    animation-duration: 0.6s;
}

.out {
  animation-name: zoom-out;
  animation-duration: 0.6s;
}

@-webkit-keyframes zoom {
    from {-webkit-transform:scale(1) translateY(-50%)}
    to {-webkit-transform:scale(2) translateY(-50%)}
}

@keyframes zoom {
    from {transform:scale(0.4) translateY(-50%)}
    to {transform:scale(1) translateY(-50%)}
}

@-webkit-keyframes zoom-out {
    from {transform:scale(1) translateY(-50%)}
    to {transform:scale(0.4) translateY(-50%)}
}

@keyframes zoom-out {
    from {transform:scale(1) translateY(-50%)}
    to {transform:scale(0) translateY(-50%)}
}

/* The close Button */
.close, .close2 {
    position: absolute;
    top: 5px;
    right: 35px;
    color: #f1f1f1;
    font-size: 100px;
    font-weight: bold;
    transition: 0.3s;
}

.close2 {
  top: 20px;
}

.close:hover,
.close2:hover,
.close:focus,
.close2:focus {
    color: #bbb;
    text-decoration: none;
    cursor: pointer;
}

/***********************************************************************************************/
/* =Back to top */
/***********************************************************************************************/

@media screen and (max-width: 980px) {

  #header-text, #top-title {
    font-size: 22px;
    left: 0px;
    top: -5px;
    margin: 0;
    text-align: left;
    line-height: 22px;
    padding: 0;
    margin-left: 4px;
  }

  .nav-title {
    height: 70px;
  }

  p, a {
    font-size: 12px;
  }

  .nav > li > a {
    font-size: 8px;
  }

  .navbar-nav {
    top: 26px;
    left: -4px;
    text-align: left;
    padding: 0;
    margin: 0;
  }

  .ul-research {
    top: 0px;
  }

  #maps-section {
    top: 0px;
  }

  .ul-maps {
    top: -20px;
  }

  #design-section {
    top: 20px;
  }

  #about-section {
    top: -10px;
  }

  #hero-section {
    top: 0px;
  }

  .bio {
    top: 10px;
  }

  #video-section {
    top: 20px;
  }

  #contact-section {
    top: 30px;
  }

  .contact-container {
    margin-left: -100px;
  }
}

@media screen and (max-width: 750px) {
  #header-text, #top-title {
    width: 100%;
    font-size: 16px;
    left: 1%;
    margin: 0;
    text-align: left;
    line-height: 10%;
    padding: 0;
  }

  .nav-title {
    height: 50px;
  }

  .navbar-default {
    height: 145px;
    width: 78px;
    top: 50px;
    left: 0;
    background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0, 0.8);
  }

  .navbar-nav {
    top: 50px;
    margin-left: 10px;
    width: 100px;
  }

  .nav > li > a {
    padding: 0;
    color: white !important;
    z-index: 1000;
  }

  .nav > li > a:hover {
    color: red !important;
  }
}